A block diagram of the thermal control lab. You have to learn about each element; LabVIEW, Data Acquisition (DAQ), heat pumps (known as Peltier or Thermoelectric Coolers - TEC), temperature sensors (thermistors), drive circuit (pulse width modulation - PWM). The temperature control algorithim is known as Proportional - Integral - Differential (PID) control. It is the most common form of process control in engineering.
Some LabVIEW code to measure temperature and control TEC.
LabVIEW lessons. Do Self-Paced Video Training for Students. Watch the video modules for Learn LabVIEW and Learn DAQ.
IF you need more instruction, here are pretty good instructions on using LabVIEW for data acquisition.